Realism in International Relations
Realism is one of the oldest and most influential theories in international relations. It explains how states behave in a world where there is no single global authority. Realists believe that countries act mainly in their own interest — to survive, gain power, and protect themselves. This theory helps us understand why conflict and competition often shape global politics.
What Is Realism?
Realism is based on the idea that the international system is anarchic, meaning there is no central government to control states. Every country must depend on itself for safety. Because of this, states act rationally to protect their interests and increase their power.
Realism focuses on power, national interest, and security rather than ideals or emotions. Realists see the world as a place where countries compete for strength, territory, and influence.
Core Ideas of Realism
Realism is built on a few main principles that explain how and why states act:
1. Anarchy in the International System: There is no world government, so states must rely on their own power to survive.
2. National Interest: Every state acts to secure its survival and improve its position in the global system.
3. Power Politics: Power is the main currency of international relations whether it’s military, economic, or political power.
4. Rational Decision Making: States make logical choices based on what will best serve their interests.
5. Conflict as Natural: Competition and conflict are normal parts of international life because each state wants to protect its own goals.
These principles show that, in realism, peace is temporary and based on balance not trust or morality.
Types of Realism
Over time, scholars have developed different forms of realism to explain global events more deeply:
Classical Realism: Based on human nature people (and states) naturally seek power. Thinkers like Thucydides, Machiavelli, and Hans Morgenthau are key figures.
Neorealism (or Structural Realism): Introduced by Kenneth Waltz, this version says state behavior depends on the structure of the international system, not on human nature.
Offensive Realism: States try to gain as much power as possible to dominate others.
Defensive Realism: States seek enough power only to stay safe and avoid threats.
These forms help explain why some countries expand aggressively, while others focus on maintaining balance and peace.
Realism in Action
Realism can be seen in many global events. During the Cold War, both the United States and the Soviet Union acted to increase power and prevent the other from becoming dominant. Even today, when countries form military alliances or compete for influence, realism explains their motives.
Modern examples include great-power rivalries, arms races, and competition for resources or strategic positions.
Criticism of Realism
Critics say realism ignores cooperation, morality, and global values. Theories like liberalism and constructivism argue that peace and institutions also shape world politics, not just power and fear. Still, realism remains a powerful framework for understanding why states sometimes act aggressively or prioritize national interest over global unity.
Conclusion
Realism gives a clear and practical view of how states behave in international relations. It reminds us that power, security, and survival often guide national decisions. While other theories highlight cooperation and ideals, realism focuses on the hard truths of global politics — where competition and caution define how nations interact.
Continue reading our main article: Exploring the World Through International Relations to see how realism connects with diplomacy, liberalism, and global cooperation.
https://mosaicmindspk.com/exploring-the-world-through-international-relations/
Leave a Reply